Vaginal bleeding (VB) before 20 gestational weeks of a viable pregnancy is a manifestation of a threatened miscarriage. VB is associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and …
We aimed to investigate the association between vaginal bleeding (VB) in pregnancy and women's mortality, using VB-unaffected pregnancies, terminations and miscarriages as comparators. This was an observational cohort study using nationwide …